系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建的關(guān)鍵要素

一、多元數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源與采集方式?

（1） Diversified data sources and collection methods

公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)源廣泛且繁雜。醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)作為重要的數(shù)據(jù)輸出端，源源不斷地貢獻(xiàn)著門診就診記錄、住院病歷、疾病診斷信息等。例如，在日常門診中，患者的癥狀描述、初步診斷結(jié)果以及所接受的治療方案等信息，都能通過(guò)醫(yī)院信息管理系統(tǒng)（HIS）無(wú)縫對(duì)接至公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心則側(cè)重于收集居民的健康檔案信息，包括個(gè)人基本信息、家族病史、日常健康行為（如吸煙、飲酒、運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣等）。通過(guò)定期的社區(qū)健康體檢活動(dòng)，還能獲取居民的身體指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)，如血壓、血糖、血脂等。?

The data sources of the public health data collection system are extensive and complex. Medical institutions, as important data output terminals, continuously contribute outpatient visit records, inpatient medical records, disease diagnosis information, and so on. For example, in daily outpatient visits, patients' symptom descriptions, preliminary diagnosis results, and treatment plans received can be seamlessly integrated into the public health data collection system through the Hospital Information Management System (HIS). Community health service centers focus on collecting residents' health record information, including personal basic information, family medical history, and daily health behaviors (such as smoking, drinking, exercise habits, etc.). Through regular community health check ups, residents' physical indicators such as blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipids can also be obtained. ?

疾病預(yù)防控制中心在傳染病監(jiān)測(cè)方面發(fā)揮著核心作用，其采集的數(shù)據(jù)涵蓋傳染病的發(fā)病時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、病例數(shù)、傳播途徑等關(guān)鍵信息。此外，環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)部門提供的空氣質(zhì)量、水質(zhì)狀況、噪聲水平等環(huán)境衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)，以及氣象部門的氣溫、濕度、降水等氣象數(shù)據(jù)，也都與公共衛(wèi)生緊密相關(guān)，一并納入采集范疇。?

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention plays a core role in infectious disease monitoring, collecting data covering key information such as the onset time, location, number of cases, and transmission routes of infectious diseases. In addition, environmental health data such as air quality, water quality, and noise levels provided by environmental monitoring departments, as well as meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation from meteorological departments, are closely related to public health and are included in the collection scope. ?

為了高效獲取這些數(shù)據(jù)，系統(tǒng)采用了多樣化的采集方式。對(duì)于醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心的數(shù)據(jù)，多借助信息化系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化采集。以電子病歷系統(tǒng)為例，患者就診時(shí)產(chǎn)生的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)自動(dòng)按照既定的數(shù)據(jù)接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，傳輸至公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)，極大地提高了數(shù)據(jù)采集的效率和準(zhǔn)確性。在一些基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，還配備了便攜式健康檢測(cè)設(shè)備，如智能血壓計(jì)、血糖儀等，居民在進(jìn)行健康檢測(cè)時(shí)，數(shù)據(jù)可通過(guò)藍(lán)牙等無(wú)線通信技術(shù)實(shí)時(shí)上傳至系統(tǒng)。對(duì)于疾病預(yù)防控制中心的傳染病數(shù)據(jù)，部分通過(guò)法定傳染病報(bào)告系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行上報(bào)，各級(jí)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)法定傳染病病例，需在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)該系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)，確保疫情信息的及時(shí)性。同時(shí)，系統(tǒng)也支持人工錄入方式，針對(duì)一些特殊情況或尚未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)信息化的數(shù)據(jù)，專業(yè)工作人員可手動(dòng)將數(shù)據(jù)錄入系統(tǒng)，保障數(shù)據(jù)的完整性。?

In order to efficiently obtain this data, the system adopts diverse collection methods. For medical institutions and community health service centers, automated data collection is often achieved through information systems. Taking the electronic medical record system as an example, the medical data generated by patients during their visits will be automatically transmitted to the public health data collection system according to the established data interface standards, greatly improving the efficiency and accuracy of data collection. In some grassroots medical institutions, portable health monitoring devices such as smart blood pressure monitors and blood glucose meters are also equipped. When residents undergo health checks, data can be uploaded to the system in real time through wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth. For the infectious disease data of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, some are reported through the statutory infectious disease reporting system. Once medical institutions at all levels discover cases of statutory infectious diseases, they need to report them directly through the system within the prescribed time to ensure the timeliness of epidemic information. At the same time, the system also supports manual input. For some special situations or data that has not yet been fully informatized, professional staff can manually input the data into the system to ensure the integrity of the data. ?

二、強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)支撐體系?

（2） Powerful technical support system

先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)是公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)高效運(yùn)行的基石。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在其中扮演著重要角色，通過(guò)在各類醫(yī)療設(shè)備、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備等終端嵌入傳感器，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的自動(dòng)采集與實(shí)時(shí)傳輸。例如，在醫(yī)院的重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房，患者身上連接的各種生命體征監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備，如心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀、呼吸機(jī)等，可通過(guò)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)將患者的心率、呼吸頻率、血氧飽和度等數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)時(shí)傳輸至公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)生能隨時(shí)掌握患者病情變化，同時(shí)也為公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域?qū)χ匕Y疾病的研究提供了豐富的數(shù)據(jù)資源。在社區(qū)，智能垃圾桶可通過(guò)內(nèi)置傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)垃圾量，從而間接反映社區(qū)居民的生活活躍度等健康相關(guān)信息，并上傳至系統(tǒng)。?

Advanced information technology is the cornerstone of efficient operation of public health data collection systems. The Internet of Things technology plays an important role in it, by embedding sensors in various medical devices, environmental monitoring devices, and other terminals to achieve automatic data collection and real-time transmission. For example, in the intensive care unit of a hospital, various vital sign monitoring devices connected to patients, such as electrocardiogram monitors, ventilators, etc., can transmit real-time data on patients' heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, etc. to the public health data collection system through IoT technology. Doctors can keep track of changes in patients' conditions at any time, and also provide rich data resources for research on critical illnesses in the public health field. In the community, smart trash cans can indirectly reflect health-related information such as the activity level of community residents by monitoring the amount of garbage through built-in sensors, and upload it to the system. ?

大數(shù)據(jù)與云計(jì)算技術(shù)則為海量數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)、管理和分析提供了有力保障。公共衛(wèi)生數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)每天會(huì)收集到來(lái)自各個(gè)渠道的大量數(shù)據(jù)，大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)能夠?qū)@些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行高效的清洗、整合和存儲(chǔ)，去除重復(fù)、錯(cuò)誤或不完整的數(shù)據(jù)，確保數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量。云計(jì)算技術(shù)憑借其強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算能力，可快速對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析處理，挖掘數(shù)據(jù)背后隱藏的規(guī)律和趨勢(shì)。例如，通過(guò)對(duì)多年來(lái)的傳染病發(fā)病數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行云計(jì)算分析，能夠預(yù)測(cè)不同季節(jié)、不同地區(qū)傳染病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，為疾病防控提前做好準(zhǔn)備。此外，數(shù)據(jù)安全技術(shù)也是系統(tǒng)不可或缺的一部分，通過(guò)加密技術(shù)對(duì)傳輸和存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行加密處理，防止數(shù)據(jù)泄露；采用訪問(wèn)控制技術(shù)，嚴(yán)格限制不同用戶對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的訪問(wèn)權(quán)限，確保數(shù)據(jù)的安全性和隱私性。?

Big data and cloud computing technology provide powerful guarantees for the storage, management, and analysis of massive amounts of data. The public health data collection system collects a large amount of data from various channels every day. Big data technology can efficiently clean, integrate, and store this data, remove duplicate, erroneous, or incomplete data, and ensure data quality. Cloud computing technology, with its powerful computing capabilities, can quickly analyze and process data, and uncover hidden patterns and trends behind the data. For example, cloud computing analysis of infectious disease incidence data over the years can predict the risk of infectious disease occurrence in different seasons and regions, and prepare for disease prevention and control in advance. In addition, data security technology is also an indispensable part of the system, which encrypts the transmitted and stored data through encryption technology to prevent data leakage; Adopting access control technology to strictly limit the access permissions of different users to data, ensuring the security and privacy of the data. ?

三、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)據(jù)管理規(guī)范?

（3） Standardized data management standards

為了確保采集到的數(shù)據(jù)能夠在公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域得到有效應(yīng)用，建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的數(shù)據(jù)管理規(guī)范至關(guān)重要。首先是數(shù)據(jù)格式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，規(guī)定了不同類型數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)格式和編碼方式，使來(lái)自不同機(jī)構(gòu)、不同設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)能夠在系統(tǒng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)縫對(duì)接。例如，對(duì)于患者的身份信息，統(tǒng)一采用身份證號(hào)碼作為唯一標(biāo)識(shí)，并規(guī)定其數(shù)據(jù)格式為 18 位數(shù)字字符。在疾病診斷編碼方面，遵循國(guó)際通用的 ICD（國(guó)際疾病分類）編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確保全球范圍內(nèi)疾病診斷信息的一致性和可比性。?

It is crucial to establish standardized data management standards to ensure that the collected data can be effectively applied in the field of public health. Firstly, the standardization of data formats specifies the storage formats and encoding methods for different types of data, enabling seamless integration of data from different institutions and devices in the system. For example, for the patient's identity information, the ID card number is uniformly used as the unique identification, and its data format is specified as 18 digit characters. In terms of disease diagnosis coding, we follow the internationally recognized ICD (International Classification of Diseases) coding standards to ensure consistency and comparability of disease diagnosis information worldwide. ?

數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量控制也是數(shù)據(jù)管理規(guī)范的重要內(nèi)容。建立了嚴(yán)格的數(shù)據(jù)審核機(jī)制，在數(shù)據(jù)采集環(huán)節(jié)，對(duì)錄入的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)校驗(yàn)，如檢查數(shù)據(jù)的邏輯合理性、數(shù)值范圍是否正確等。對(duì)于通過(guò)自動(dòng)化方式采集的數(shù)據(jù)，也會(huì)定期進(jìn)行抽樣檢查，確保數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性。同時(shí)，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的完整性進(jìn)行評(píng)估，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并補(bǔ)充缺失的數(shù)據(jù)。此外，還制定了數(shù)據(jù)更新機(jī)制，根據(jù)不同數(shù)據(jù)的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用需求，確定合理的數(shù)據(jù)更新頻率，如醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的門診就診數(shù)據(jù)每天更新，傳染病疫情數(shù)據(jù)則要求實(shí)時(shí)更新，以保證數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)效性。

Data quality control is also an important aspect of data management standards. We have established a strict data review mechanism and conducted real-time verification of the entered data during the data collection process, such as checking the logical rationality of the data and whether the numerical range is correct. For data collected through automated methods, regular sampling checks are also conducted to ensure the accuracy of the data. At the same time, evaluate the integrity of the data, promptly identify and supplement missing data. In addition, a data update mechanism has been established to determine a reasonable frequency of data updates based on the characteristics and application needs of different data. For example, outpatient data from medical institutions is updated daily, while infectious disease epidemic data requires real-time updates to ensure data timeliness.

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