職業(yè)病體檢：一人一崗一 “檢方”，絕不 “一刀切”

　　在健康體檢的領(lǐng)域中，職業(yè)病體檢猶如一位獨(dú)具慧眼的 “專(zhuān)科醫(yī)生”，與普通體檢有著顯著區(qū)別，絕非對(duì)所有職業(yè) “一視同仁” 地檢查。它依據(jù)不同職業(yè)面臨的獨(dú)特危害因素，精心定制個(gè)性化的檢查方案，精準(zhǔn)篩查潛在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

　　In the field of health checkups, occupational disease checkups are like a discerning "specialist doctor", with significant differences from regular checkups, and do not treat all professions equally. It carefully customizes personalized examination plans based on the unique risk factors faced by different professions, and accurately screens potential health risks.

　　職業(yè)病體檢具有極強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性，這是其區(qū)別于普通體檢的關(guān)鍵所在。普通體檢旨在對(duì)大眾身體進(jìn)行全面的基礎(chǔ)篩查，涵蓋身高、體重、血壓測(cè)量，血常規(guī)、尿常規(guī)、肝腎功能檢查，以及心電圖、腹部超聲等項(xiàng)目，以此評(píng)估身體整體健康狀況，排查常見(jiàn)疾病與潛在隱患。而職業(yè)病體檢則像一把 “精準(zhǔn)手術(shù)刀”，聚焦于勞動(dòng)者因工作環(huán)境和所接觸危害因素引發(fā)的健康問(wèn)題。

　　Occupational disease physical examination has strong pertinence, which is the key difference between it and ordinary physical examination. The general physical examination aims to conduct a comprehensive basic screening of the public's body, covering height, weight, blood pressure measurement, blood routine, urine routine, liver and kidney function examination, as well as electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound and other items, in order to evaluate the overall health status of the body and identify common diseases and potential hazards. Occupational disease examinations, on the other hand, are like a precise surgical knife, focusing on the health problems caused by workers' work environment and exposure to hazardous factors.

　　以常見(jiàn)的職業(yè)場(chǎng)景為例，在煤礦、水泥、陶瓷、石材加工等行業(yè)，從業(yè)者長(zhǎng)期暴露于粉塵環(huán)境，極易引發(fā)塵肺病等呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。針對(duì)這類(lèi)人群，職業(yè)病體檢會(huì)重點(diǎn)安排高千伏胸片和肺功能檢查。高千伏胸片能夠清晰呈現(xiàn)肺部的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部纖維化、結(jié)節(jié)等病變；肺功能檢測(cè)則通過(guò)測(cè)量肺活量、呼氣流量等關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)，精準(zhǔn)評(píng)估肺部通氣功能是否受損，為塵肺病的早期診斷提供有力依據(jù)。

　　Taking common occupational scenarios as an example, in industries such as coal mining, cement, ceramics, and stone processing, practitioners are exposed to dust environments for a long time, which can easily lead to respiratory diseases such as pneumoconiosis. For this group of people, occupational disease examinations will focus on arranging high kV chest X-rays and lung function tests. High kV chest X-rays can clearly present the subtle structures of the lungs, which helps to detect early pulmonary fibrosis, nodules, and other lesions; Pulmonary function testing accurately evaluates whether lung ventilation function is impaired by measuring key indicators such as lung capacity and expiratory flow, providing strong evidence for early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis.

　　在化工、制藥、電鍍、印刷等行業(yè)，勞動(dòng)者常常接觸各類(lèi)化學(xué)毒物，這些毒物可能導(dǎo)致中毒或器官損傷。對(duì)于他們的體檢，除了常規(guī)的血常規(guī)、尿常規(guī)、肝功能、腎功能等項(xiàng)目外，還需根據(jù)具體接觸的化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行針對(duì)性檢測(cè)。比如，接觸苯的工人，要著重檢測(cè)血常規(guī)中的白細(xì)胞、血小板計(jì)數(shù)以及血苯、尿酚等指標(biāo)，因?yàn)楸綄?duì)造血系統(tǒng)有損害，可能引發(fā)再生障礙性貧血、白血病等嚴(yán)重疾病；接觸鉛的從業(yè)者，則需關(guān)注血鉛、尿鉛水平，鉛中毒會(huì)影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、血液系統(tǒng)和消化系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致乏力、頭痛、貧血等癥狀。

　　In industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, electroplating, and printing, workers often come into contact with various chemical toxins, which may cause poisoning or organ damage. For their physical examination, in addition to routine blood routine, urine routine, liver function, kidney function and other items, targeted testing should also be conducted based on the specific chemical substances they are exposed to. For example, workers who come into contact with benzene should focus on testing their blood routine for white blood cell and platelet counts, as well as indicators such as blood benzene and urinary phenols, because benzene can damage the hematopoietic system and may cause serious diseases such as aplastic anemia and leukemia; Practitioners who come into contact with lead should pay attention to their blood and urine lead levels. Lead poisoning can affect the nervous system, blood system, and digestive system, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, headache, and anemia.

　　在機(jī)械制造、紡織等噪聲作業(yè)環(huán)境中，噪聲性聽(tīng)力損失是常見(jiàn)職業(yè)病。因此，針對(duì)這些崗位的勞動(dòng)者，職業(yè)病體檢會(huì)將純音測(cè)聽(tīng)作為核心項(xiàng)目。純音測(cè)聽(tīng)通過(guò)播放不同頻率和強(qiáng)度的聲音，測(cè)試勞動(dòng)者的聽(tīng)力閾值，精確判斷其聽(tīng)力是否受損以及受損程度，以便及時(shí)采取防護(hù)措施，如佩戴耳塞、耳罩等，防止聽(tīng)力進(jìn)一步下降。

　　Noise induced hearing loss is a common occupational disease in noisy work environments such as mechanical manufacturing and textiles. Therefore, for workers in these positions, occupational disease examinations will include pure tone audiometry as a core item. Pure tone audiometry tests the hearing threshold of workers by playing sounds of different frequencies and intensities, accurately determining whether their hearing is damaged and the degree of damage, in order to take timely protective measures, such as wearing earplugs, earmuffs, etc., to prevent further hearing loss.

　　從事醫(yī)療影像、核能等輻射作業(yè)的人員，輻射可能對(duì)身體細(xì)胞和遺傳物質(zhì)造成損害。對(duì)他們的體檢項(xiàng)目包括血常規(guī)、外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變率和微核率檢測(cè)等。血常規(guī)可反映輻射對(duì)造血系統(tǒng)的影響，如白細(xì)胞、紅細(xì)胞、血小板數(shù)量的變化；染色體畸變率和微核率檢測(cè)則能直觀(guān)顯示輻射對(duì)遺傳物質(zhì)的損傷情況，為預(yù)防和早期發(fā)現(xiàn)輻射相關(guān)疾病提供關(guān)鍵信息。

　　Personnel engaged in radiation operations such as medical imaging and nuclear energy may cause damage to body cells and genetic material due to radiation. Their physical examination items include blood routine, peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome aberration rate, and micronucleus rate detection. Blood routine can reflect the effects of radiation on the hematopoietic system, such as changes in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets; The detection of chromosomal aberration rate and micronucleus rate can visually display the damage of radiation to genetic material, providing key information for the prevention and early detection of radiation related diseases.

　　在畜牧業(yè)、醫(yī)療行業(yè)等容易接觸病原體的崗位，體檢重點(diǎn)則放在生物因素導(dǎo)致的健康問(wèn)題上。例如，獸醫(yī)、屠宰場(chǎng)工人等可能接觸布魯氏菌等病原體，體檢時(shí)會(huì)進(jìn)行相關(guān)血清學(xué)檢測(cè)，排查布魯氏菌??；醫(yī)護(hù)人員由于長(zhǎng)期接觸患者，面臨感染各類(lèi)傳染病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，除了常規(guī)的傳染病篩查外，還可能根據(jù)工作環(huán)境和接觸病原體的可能性，進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的抗體檢測(cè)等項(xiàng)目。

　　In positions such as animal husbandry and medical industries that are prone to contact with pathogens, the focus of physical examinations is on health problems caused by biological factors. For example, veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers, and others who may come into contact with pathogens such as Brucella will undergo relevant serological tests during physical examinations to screen for brucellosis; Medical staff face the risk of contracting various infectious diseases due to long-term contact with patients. In addition to routine infectious disease screening, targeted antibody testing may also be conducted based on the work environment and the possibility of exposure to pathogens.

　　職業(yè)病體檢絕非對(duì)所有職業(yè)采用統(tǒng)一檢查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而是根據(jù)不同職業(yè)面臨的粉塵、化學(xué)毒物、噪聲、輻射、生物病原體等危害因素，定制專(zhuān)屬檢查方案。這種精準(zhǔn)化的體檢模式，能夠早期發(fā)現(xiàn)職業(yè)病隱患，及時(shí)采取干預(yù)措施，切實(shí)保障勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)健康與安全，對(duì)維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者的權(quán)益和促進(jìn)企業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展都具有不可替代的重要意義。

　　Occupational disease physical examination is not a uniform examination standard for all occupations, but a customized examination plan based on the hazards such as dust, chemical toxins, noise, radiation, and biological pathogens faced by different occupations. This precise physical examination mode can detect occupational disease hazards early, take timely intervention measures, effectively protect the occupational health and safety of workers, and has irreplaceable significance for safeguarding the rights and interests of workers and promoting the sustainable development of enterprises.

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